King James Bible Dictionary

Calves were commonly made use of in sacrifices, and are therefore frequently mentioned in Scripture. The "fatted calf" was regarded as the choicest of animal food; it was frequently also offered as a special sacrifice (1 Samuel 28:24; Amos 6:4; Luke 15:23). The words used in Jeremiah 34:18, 19, "cut the calf in twain," allude to the custom of dividing a sacrifice into two parts, between which the parties ratifying a covenant passed (Genesis 15:9, 10, 17, 18). The sacrifice of the lips, i.e., priase, is called "the calves of our lips" (Hosea 14:2, R.V., "as bullocks the offering of our lips." Comp. Hebrews 13:15; Psalms 116:7; Jeremiah 33:11).

The golden calf which Aaron made (Exodus 32:4) was probably a copy of the god Moloch rather than of the god Apis, the sacred ox or calf of Egypt. The Jews showed all through their history a tendency toward the Babylonian and Canaanitish idolatry rather than toward that of Egypt.

Ages after this, Jeroboam, king of Israel, set up two idol calves, one at Dan, and the other at Bethel, that he might thus prevent the ten tribes from resorting to Jerusalem for worship (1 Kings 12:28). These calves continued to be a snare to the people till the time of their captivity. The calf at Dan was carried away in the reign of Pekah by Tiglath-pileser, and that at Bethel ten years later, in the reign of Hoshea, by Shalmaneser (2 Kings 15:29; 17:33). This sin of Jeroboam is almost always mentioned along with his name (2 Kings 15:28 etc.).

Offered in sacrifice
Micah 6:6

Golden, made by Aaron
Micah 2:32; Deuteronomy 9:16; Nehemiah 9:18; Psalms 106:19; Acts 7:41

Images of, set up in Beth-El and Dan by Jeroboam
1 Kings 12:28-33; 2 Kings 10:29

Worshiped by Jehu
2 Kings 10:29

Prophecies against the golden calves at Beth-El
1 Kings 13:1-5; 1 Kings 13:32; Jeremiah 48:13; Hosea 8:5-6; Hosea 10:5-6; Hosea 10:15; Hosea 13:2; Amos 3:14; Amos 4:4; Amos 8:14

Altars of, destroyed
2 Kings 23:4; 2 Kings 23:15-20

Calves of the lips, a metaphor signifying worship
Hosea 14:2

The calf was held in high esteem by the Jews as food. (1 Samuel 28:24; Luke 15:23) The molten calf prepared by Aaron for the people to worship, (Exodus 32:4) was probably a wooden figure laminated with gold, a process which is known to have existed in Egypt. [AARON]

CALF, noun

1. The young of the cow, or of the bovine genus of quadrupeds.

2. In contempt, a dolt; an ignorant, stupid person; a weak or cowardly man.

3. The thick fleshy part of the leg behind; so called from its protuberance.

4. The calves of the lips, in Hosea, signify the pure offerings of prayer, praise and thanks-giving.

CALF-LIKE, adjective Resembling a calf.

CALF-SKIN, noun The hide or skin of a calf; or leather made of the skin.