King James Bible Dictionary

(Heb. malmad, only in Judges 3:31), an instrument used by ploughmen for guiding their oxen. Shamgar slew six hundred Philistines with an ox-goad. "The goad is a formidable weapon. It is sometimes ten feet long, and has a sharp point. We could now see that the feat of Shamgar was not so very wonderful as some have been accustomed to think."

In 1 Samuel 13:21, a different Hebrew word is used, dorban, meaning something pointed. The expression (Acts 9:5, omitted in the R.V.), "It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks", i.e., against the goad, was proverbial for unavailing resistance to superior power.

An instrument of torture
1 Samuel 13:21

Six hundred men slain with, by Shamgar, a judge of Israel
Judges 3:31

Figurative, of mental incentive
Ecclesiastes 12:11

(Judges 3:31; 1 Samuel 13:21) The Hebrew word in the latter passage probably means the point of the plough-share . The former word does probably refer to the goad, the long handle of which might be used as a formidable weapon. The instrument, as still used in countries of southern Europe and western Asia, consists of a rod about eight feet long, brought to a sharp point and sometimes cased with iron at the head.

GOAD,noun A pointed instrument used to stimulate a beast to move faster.

GOAD, verb transitive To prick; to drive with a goad

1. To incite; to stimulate; to instigate; to urge forward, or to rouse by any thing pungent, severe, irritating or inflaming. He was goaded by sarcastic remarks or by abuse; goaded by desire or other passion.

GOADED, participle passive Pricked; pushed on by a goad; instigated.

GOADING, participle present tense Pricking; driving with a goad; inciting; urging on; rousing.